Nimbryxo Studio

ESPN Live Scores, Schedules & Game Odds Scraper

Get live scores, final results and upcoming fixtures for 16 leagues across basketball, football, baseball, hockey and soccer, with optional per-game leaders, odds, attendance and headlines.

Input schema

Input fields, types, required flags, descriptions, defaults, and prefills come from the published definition. Prefill examples are distinct from defaults.

FieldTypeRequiredDescription
modestringrequiredWhat to return: games for a scoreboard, a schedule, the league team directory, one record per sportsbook odds line, or a full game detail record.
sportstringoptionalOptional sport filter. Use it with League = All supported leagues to cover every supported competition in one sport.
leaguestringoptionalCompetition to read. Choose All supported leagues only with a specific sport when you need broad coverage. Defaults to NBA when omitted.
Show all input fields
FieldTypeRequiredDescription
modestringrequiredWhat to return: games for a scoreboard, a schedule, the league team directory, one record per sportsbook odds line, or a full game detail record.
sportstringoptionalOptional sport filter. Use it with League = All supported leagues to cover every supported competition in one sport.
leaguestringoptionalCompetition to read. Choose All supported leagues only with a specific sport when you need broad coverage. Defaults to NBA when omitted.
datestringoptionalA day (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD), a month (YYYY-MM), or a year (YYYY). Leave empty to use today, or use Season / Week instead. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)
startDatestringoptionalFirst day of a custom window (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD). Requires End date. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)
endDatestringoptionalLast day of a custom window (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD). Maximum 366 days. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)
seasonintegeroptionalESPN season year, for example 2024. Use it with Week for a single football week, or alone for the whole season. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)
seasonTypestringoptionalWhich part of the season to read when Season is set. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)
weekintegeroptionalWeek number for football and other week-based competitions. Requires Season. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)
teamstringoptionalKeep only games or teams matching this ESPN team ID, abbreviation, or name, for example 13, LAL, or Lakers. Prefix with a league code to disambiguate: nba:LAL. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, teams, odds, gameDetail)
eventIdsarrayoptionalESPN event IDs for game detail or odds, for example 401585183. Leave empty to discover games from the date or season. (mode=odds, gameDetail)
statusstringoptionalKeep only games in this state. Postponed and cancelled games are reported as their own values.
includeDetailsbooleanoptionalAdd leaders, odds, attendance, officials, article text, team stats, player stats and injuries to each game. (mode=scoreboard, schedule)
maxItemsintegeroptionalHard cap on records returned across all selected leagues.
timezonestringoptionalIANA timezone used for today/yesterday/tomorrow and for dateLocal, for example America/New_York.

Download the published input schema

View complete JSON
{
  "description": "Choose a mode, a league, and a date, season, week, team, or event IDs. The actor reads ESPN's public JSON endpoints without credentials or proxy setup.",
  "properties": {
    "date": {
      "description": "A day (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD), a month (YYYY-MM), or a year (YYYY). Leave empty to use today, or use Season / Week instead. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "textfield",
      "prefill": "20240115",
      "title": "Date",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "endDate": {
      "description": "Last day of a custom window (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD). Maximum 366 days. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "textfield",
      "title": "End date",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "eventIds": {
      "default": [],
      "description": "ESPN event IDs for game detail or odds, for example 401585183. Leave empty to discover games from the date or season. (mode=odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "stringList",
      "prefill": [],
      "title": "Event IDs",
      "type": "array"
    },
    "includeDetails": {
      "default": false,
      "description": "Add leaders, odds, attendance, officials, article text, team stats, player stats and injuries to each game. (mode=scoreboard, schedule)",
      "editor": "checkbox",
      "prefill": false,
      "title": "Include game details",
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "league": {
      "description": "Competition to read. Choose All supported leagues only with a specific sport when you need broad coverage. Defaults to NBA when omitted.",
      "editor": "select",
      "enum": [
        "all",
        "nba",
        "wnba",
        "ncaam",
        "ncaaw",
        "nfl",
        "ncaaf",
        "mlb",
        "college-baseball",
        "nhl",
        "college-hockey",
        "mls",
        "nwsl",
        "epl",
        "eng.2",
        "eng.fa",
        "eng.league_cup",
        "laliga",
        "esp.2",
        "esp.copa_del_rey",
        "bundesliga",
        "ger.2",
        "seriea",
        "ita.2",
        "ita.coppa_italia",
        "ligue1",
        "fra.2",
        "eredivisie",
        "primeira-liga",
        "super-lig",
        "pro-league",
        "scottish-premiership",
        "greek-super-league",
        "russian-premier-league",
        "austrian-bundesliga",
        "swiss-super-league",
        "danish-superliga",
        "eliteserien",
        "allsvenskan",
        "romanian-liga-1",
        "saudi-pro-league",
        "a-league",
        "j1-league",
        "chinese-super-league",
        "ligamx",
        "argentina-primera",
        "brasileirao",
        "brasileirao-serie-b",
        "chile-primera",
        "colombia-primera-a",
        "ecuador-liga-pro",
        "peru-liga-1",
        "uruguay-primera",
        "paraguay-primera",
        "bolivia-primera",
        "venezuela-primera",
        "ucl",
        "uel",
        "uecl",
        "libertadores",
        "concacaf-champions",
        "world-cup",
        "club-world-cup"
      ],
      "enumTitles": [
        "All supported leagues",
        "NBA",
        "WNBA",
        "NCAA Men's Basketball",
        "NCAA Women's Basketball",
        "NFL",
        "NCAA Football",
        "MLB",
        "NCAA Baseball",
        "NHL",
        "NCAA Men's Hockey",
        "MLS",
        "NWSL",
        "English Premier League",
        "English Championship",
        "FA Cup",
        "English League Cup",
        "La Liga",
        "Spanish Segunda Division",
        "Copa del Rey",
        "Bundesliga",
        "2. Bundesliga",
        "Serie A",
        "Serie B",
        "Coppa Italia",
        "Ligue 1",
        "Ligue 2",
        "Eredivisie",
        "Primeira Liga",
        "Super Lig",
        "Belgian Pro League",
        "Scottish Premiership",
        "Greek Super League",
        "Russian Premier League",
        "Austrian Bundesliga",
        "Swiss Super League",
        "Danish Superliga",
        "Eliteserien",
        "Allsvenskan",
        "Romanian Liga I",
        "Saudi Pro League",
        "A-League",
        "J1 League",
        "Chinese Super League",
        "Liga MX",
        "Argentine Primera Division",
        "Brasileirao Serie A",
        "Brasileirao Serie B",
        "Chilean Primera Division",
        "Colombian Primera A",
        "Ecuadorian Liga Pro",
        "Peruvian Liga 1",
        "Uruguayan Primera Division",
        "Paraguayan Primera Division",
        "Bolivian Primera Division",
        "Venezuelan Primera Division",
        "UEFA Champions League",
        "UEFA Europa League",
        "UEFA Conference League",
        "Copa Libertadores",
        "CONCACAF Champions Cup",
        "FIFA World Cup",
        "FIFA Club World Cup"
      ],
      "prefill": "nba",
      "title": "League",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "maxItems": {
      "default": 100,
      "description": "Hard cap on records returned across all selected leagues.",
      "editor": "number",
      "maximum": 10000,
      "minimum": 1,
      "prefill": 3,
      "title": "Maximum records",
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "mode": {
      "default": "scoreboard",
      "description": "What to return: games for a scoreboard, a schedule, the league team directory, one record per sportsbook odds line, or a full game detail record.",
      "editor": "select",
      "enum": [
        "scoreboard",
        "schedule",
        "teams",
        "odds",
        "gameDetail"
      ],
      "enumTitles": [
        "Scoreboard games",
        "Schedule games",
        "League teams",
        "Sportsbook odds",
        "Full game detail"
      ],
      "prefill": "scoreboard",
      "title": "Mode",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "season": {
      "description": "ESPN season year, for example 2024. Use it with Week for a single football week, or alone for the whole season. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "number",
      "maximum": 2100,
      "minimum": 2000,
      "title": "Season",
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "seasonType": {
      "default": "2",
      "description": "Which part of the season to read when Season is set. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "select",
      "enum": [
        "1",
        "2",
        "3",
        "4",
        "5"
      ],
      "enumTitles": [
        "Preseason",
        "Regular season",
        "Postseason",
        "Offseason",
        "Play-in"
      ],
      "prefill": "2",
      "title": "Season type",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "sport": {
      "default": "any",
      "description": "Optional sport filter. Use it with League = All supported leagues to cover every supported competition in one sport.",
      "editor": "select",
      "enum": [
        "any",
        "basketball",
        "football",
        "baseball",
        "hockey",
        "soccer"
      ],
      "enumTitles": [
        "Any sport",
        "Basketball",
        "Football",
        "Baseball",
        "Hockey",
        "Soccer"
      ],
      "prefill": "any",
      "title": "Sport",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "startDate": {
      "description": "First day of a custom window (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD). Requires End date. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "textfield",
      "title": "Start date",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "status": {
      "default": "any",
      "description": "Keep only games in this state. Postponed and cancelled games are reported as their own values.",
      "editor": "select",
      "enum": [
        "any",
        "scheduled",
        "in_progress",
        "final",
        "postponed",
        "cancelled"
      ],
      "enumTitles": [
        "Any status",
        "Scheduled",
        "In progress",
        "Final",
        "Postponed",
        "Cancelled"
      ],
      "prefill": "any",
      "title": "Game status",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "team": {
      "description": "Keep only games or teams matching this ESPN team ID, abbreviation, or name, for example 13, LAL, or Lakers. Prefix with a league code to disambiguate: nba:LAL. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, teams, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "textfield",
      "title": "Team",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "timezone": {
      "default": "UTC",
      "description": "IANA timezone used for today/yesterday/tomorrow and for dateLocal, for example America/New_York.",
      "editor": "textfield",
      "prefill": "UTC",
      "title": "Timezone",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "week": {
      "description": "Week number for football and other week-based competitions. Requires Season. (mode=scoreboard, schedule, odds, gameDetail)",
      "editor": "number",
      "maximum": 30,
      "minimum": 1,
      "title": "Week",
      "type": "integer"
    }
  },
  "required": [
    "mode"
  ],
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "title": "ESPN Scores & Schedules Input",
  "type": "object"
}

Output schema

Published result links and storage locations. This schema is not an exhaustive contract for every field in a dataset record.

FieldTypeRequiredDescription
resultsstringoptionalAll game, team, odds, and game-detail records in the default dataset.

Download the published output schema

View complete JSON
{
  "actorOutputSchemaVersion": 1,
  "description": "Game, team, odds, and full game-detail records from ESPN public data, including scores, schedules, venue, broadcasts, team records, sportsbook lines, leaders, officials, stats, injuries, and recaps.",
  "properties": {
    "results": {
      "description": "All game, team, odds, and game-detail records in the default dataset.",
      "template": "{{links.apiDefaultDatasetUrl}}/items",
      "title": "Records",
      "type": "string"
    }
  },
  "title": "ESPN Game Center Output",
  "type": "object"
}

Dataset schema

Published dataset views and any declared field definitions. A view can select only a subset of the returned record fields.

Download the published dataset schema

View complete JSON
{
  "actorSpecification": 1,
  "description": "One record per game, team, odds line, or full game detail.",
  "fields": {},
  "title": "ESPN Game Center Output",
  "views": {
    "overview": {
      "display": {
        "component": "table",
        "properties": {
          "attendance": {
            "format": "number",
            "label": "Attendance"
          },
          "awayTeam": {
            "format": "object",
            "label": "Away"
          },
          "broadcasts": {
            "format": "array",
            "label": "Broadcasts"
          },
          "date": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Date (UTC)"
          },
          "dateLocal": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Date (Local)"
          },
          "gameId": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Game ID"
          },
          "headline": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Headline"
          },
          "homeTeam": {
            "format": "object",
            "label": "Home"
          },
          "league": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "League"
          },
          "odds": {
            "format": "object",
            "label": "Odds"
          },
          "recordType": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Type"
          },
          "scrapedAt": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Scraped At"
          },
          "seasonYear": {
            "format": "number",
            "label": "Season"
          },
          "shortName": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Matchup"
          },
          "sourceUrl": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Source"
          },
          "sport": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Sport"
          },
          "status": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Status"
          },
          "statusDetail": {
            "format": "text",
            "label": "Detail"
          },
          "venue": {
            "format": "object",
            "label": "Venue"
          },
          "week": {
            "format": "number",
            "label": "Week"
          }
        }
      },
      "title": "Game Center",
      "transformation": {
        "fields": [
          "recordType",
          "gameId",
          "league",
          "sport",
          "status",
          "statusDetail",
          "date",
          "dateLocal",
          "seasonYear",
          "week",
          "shortName",
          "homeTeam",
          "awayTeam",
          "venue",
          "broadcasts",
          "attendance",
          "odds",
          "headline",
          "sourceUrl",
          "scrapedAt"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

Key-value schema

Published key-value store definitions, when provided by this build.

This definition is not present in the default published build. See the published README for available documentation.

Published README

Read the full published documentation

ESPN Game Center Scraper: Scores, Schedules, Teams & Odds

Read ESPN game centers without an account, API key, or proxy setup. Pick a competition and a day, month, season, or week to get live scoreboards, final results, upcoming fixtures, team directories, sportsbook lines, and full game details in one dataset.

The actor covers more than 60 team competitions across basketball, football, baseball, hockey, and soccer, including the NBA, WNBA, NFL, MLB, NHL, MLS, NWSL, the Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga, Serie A, Ligue 1, Liga MX, the Champions League, and many more. Every field ESPN publishes for the selected record type is mapped, and fields ESPN does not provide for a particular game are left out instead of being sent empty.

What this actor does

  • Five modes: scoreboard, schedule, teams, odds, and gameDetail
  • Date and season control: a single day, a month, a year, a custom range up to 366 days, a season, or a football-style season week
  • Team filtering: match a team by ESPN ID, abbreviation, or name, with an optional league prefix
  • Full odds records: one row per sportsbook line with spread, total, moneylines, and open, close, and current values when ESPN publishes them
  • Deep game detail: leaders, officials, venue, broadcasts, attendance, article text, team stats, player stats, and injuries
  • Empty fields are omitted: empty values are omitted at every depth, and every record carries recordType, sourceUrl where available, and scrapedAt

Output per game (mode = scoreboard or schedule)

  • gameId, competitionId - ESPN event and competition IDs
  • league, sport - league code and sport
  • status - scheduled, in_progress, final, postponed, or cancelled
  • statusState, statusDescription, statusShortDetail, completed, period, clock, displayClock - live state details
  • date - kickoff in ISO 8601 UTC
  • dateLocal - kickoff in the requested timezone
  • name, shortName - full and abbreviated matchup
  • seasonYear, seasonType, week - season context when ESPN provides it
  • homeTeam, awayTeam - team objects with id, name, abbreviation, logo, score, winner, record, lineScores, colors, and location when published
  • venue - name, city, state, country, indoor, grass, and imageUrl
  • broadcasts - TV and streaming network names
  • attendance, neutralSite, conferenceCompetition, competitionType
  • headlines, gameNotes - game-specific notes
  • odds - the line shown on the scoreboard, when present
  • sourceUrl, recordType, scrapedAt

Output per team (mode = teams)

  • teamId, league, sport
  • name, abbreviation, location, nickname, shortDisplayName, slug
  • logo, color, alternateColor, isActive, isAllStar
  • venue - name, city, state, country, indoor, grass, and imageUrl
  • groupId, groupName, conferenceId, standingSummary
  • recordStats - ESPN overall-record statistics as a name/value object
  • sourceUrl, recordType, scrapedAt

Output per odds line (mode = odds)

  • gameId, league, sport, gameName, gameDate
  • homeTeamId, homeTeamName, homeTeamAbbreviation
  • awayTeamId, awayTeamName, awayTeamAbbreviation
  • provider, providerId - sportsbook name and ESPN provider ID
  • details, spread, overUnder, overOdds, underOdds
  • homeMoneyline, awayMoneyline, drawMoneyline - when the sport supports them
  • homeSpreadOdds, awaySpreadOdds
  • homeTeamOdds, awayTeamOdds, drawOdds - full side detail with favorite/underdog flags
  • open, close, current - period values when ESPN keeps them
  • sourceUrl, recordType, scrapedAt

Output per game detail (mode = gameDetail)

A game-detail record includes every game field above, plus:

  • leaders - top performers grouped as home and away, each with name, position, stat, and value
  • officials - referee names and positions
  • articleDescription, articleStory, articlePublished, articleUrl, articleImage
  • teamStats - team totals with stat name, label, abbreviation, and display value
  • playerStats - player stat categories, labels, and per-player values
  • injuries - team injury entries with athlete, status, date, and detail
  • headline, gameNotes, attendance, venue, broadcasts, odds
  • recordType: "gameDetail", sourceUrl, scrapedAt

If ESPN fails to answer for a league, the actor writes a diagnostic record with type, reason, message, inputLeague, inputDate, error, recordType, and scrapedAt. Game, team, odds, and detail records are never replaced by placeholders.

Input

Field Type Default Description
mode string scoreboard scoreboard, schedule, teams, odds, or gameDetail
sport string any Sport filter; use with League = All supported leagues
league string - Competition code or All supported leagues; the daily prefill uses nba
date string - Day, month, or year; empty means today; the daily prefill uses 20240115
startDate string - First day of a custom window; requires endDate
endDate string - Last day of a custom window; up to 366 days
season integer - ESPN season year, e.g. 2024
seasonType string 2 1 preseason, 2 regular, 3 postseason, 4 offseason, 5 play-in
week integer - Week number; requires season
team string - ESPN team ID, abbreviation, or name; prefix with a league code if needed
eventIds array [] Event IDs for odds or gameDetail; requires one specific league, not All supported leagues
status string any any, scheduled, in_progress, final, postponed, or cancelled
includeDetails boolean false Add leaders, stats, officials, article text, and injuries to each game
maxItems integer 100 Hard cap from 1 to 10,000 records
timezone string UTC IANA timezone for relative dates and dateLocal

Example: today's NBA and NHL scoreboard

{
  "mode": "scoreboard",
  "league": "nba",
  "date": "2026-11-02",
  "maxItems": 50
}

Example: NFL Week 1

{
  "mode": "schedule",
  "league": "nfl",
  "season": 2023,
  "seasonType": "2",
  "week": 1,
  "maxItems": 50
}

Example: every Arsenal fixture in a season

{
  "mode": "schedule",
  "league": "epl",
  "season": 2024,
  "team": "Arsenal",
  "maxItems": 100
}

For current and future soccer seasons, the actor falls back to scoreboard windows when ESPN's team-schedule feed returns only completed matches, so upcoming fixtures are included.

Example: sportsbook lines for a day

{
  "mode": "odds",
  "league": "nba",
  "date": "2024-01-15",
  "maxItems": 100
}

Example: full detail for two games

{
  "mode": "gameDetail",
  "league": "nba",
  "eventIds": ["401585183", "401585184"],
  "maxItems": 2
}

Use cases

  • Live scoreboards - refresh a dashboard with every game in one or more leagues
  • Fixture calendars - export a team's or league's upcoming schedule for a season or date range
  • Results archives - collect final scores, venues, and broadcasts across a historical window
  • Betting analysis - capture spread, total, moneyline, and line movement snapshots
  • Fantasy and media tools - pull leaders, team stats, player stats, and recaps for recaps and previews
  • Research and data pipelines - join stable ESPN IDs to internal models, spreadsheets, or warehouses

FAQ

Do I need an ESPN account, API key, cookie, or proxy?

No. The actor reads ESPN's public game data directly. You only choose the mode and the competition or date.

Which competitions are supported?

More than 60 team competitions across basketball, football, baseball, hockey, and soccer. The League dropdown lists every supported code, from the NBA and NFL to the Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga, Serie A, Ligue 1, Liga MX, the Champions League, and many national leagues.

Why does a date return no games?

Not every league plays every day. Use a season or a date range for fixtures, or pick a day when the league is active. The terminal run status message explains the mode, league, and record count, including zero-record runs.

What is the largest date range?

A custom range can cover up to 366 days. Long windows are read month by month, and a month that hits ESPN's per-request event cap is re-read day by day so games are not skipped.

Why are some odds fields missing?

ESPN publishes one line per sportsbook provider per game and often removes lines after the game ends, so provider coverage varies by event. Soccer lines can use moneyline and draw prices instead of a spread and total, and some providers publish fractional moneyline strings such as 20/1 or 1/28; the actor returns the value ESPN publishes. The actor includes only the values ESPN actually returns.

Why do some games have no stats or leaders?

ESPN does not publish every section for every sport, game state, or competition. Missing sections are omitted from the record rather than filled with placeholders.

Can I get games for a team by name?

Yes. Set team to the ESPN ID, abbreviation, or a name such as Lakers or Arsenal. If the same abbreviation exists in multiple leagues, prefix it with the league code, for example nba:LAL.

How fresh is the data?

Every run reads ESPN's live game data at run time. Schedule the actor every few minutes during game windows for live scores, or daily for schedules and results.

Does this actor cover golf, tennis, MMA, or racing?

No. It focuses on team-game records. Individual sports use different event and leaderboard shapes and are not part of this actor.

Does it include news, standings, or rosters?

No. This actor focuses on scoreboards, schedules, teams, odds, and game detail. News, standings, and roster data are separate jobs.

Does it include play-by-play or win-probability timelines?

No. Game detail covers box-score data: leaders, team and player stats, officials, injuries, venue, broadcasts, attendance, and recaps. Play-by-play feeds are much larger and are outside this actor's record contract.

Why can a game in a date window show the next UTC day?

ESPN assigns games to its own local event date. The date field is UTC, so a late local game can fall on the next UTC day. This affects single days, months, years, and custom ranges. Use dateLocal for the requested timezone, or widen the window by one day when joining on UTC dates.

What happens if I use event IDs with All supported leagues?

Event IDs need one specific league because ESPN's summary path includes the sport and league. With All supported leagues the actor returns a diagnostic record asking you to choose a league; it does not guess across 60+ competitions.

Is seasonType the same across sports?

For US sports it is a canonical label such as Regular season, Preseason, Postseason, or Play-in. For soccer ESPN often publishes a season slug such as 2024-25 English Premier League, so treat seasonType as source text rather than a stable cross-sport enum.

What are the hard limits?

ESPN removes some odds and stat sections after a game, so those fields are omitted when the source no longer has them. One scoreboard response is capped at 1,000 events; month and year requests are split automatically, but a single day above 1,000 events is not subdivided. Date windows follow ESPN's local event date, so the UTC date can fall on the next day. Individual sports (golf, tennis, MMA, racing), news, standings, and rosters are outside this actor.

Is this affiliated with ESPN?

No. This is an independent, third-party actor that reads ESPN's public game data. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by ESPN.

Python quickstart

Use a schema-derived input and the Python standard library to start a run. An Apify account and token are required for execution.

Open the step-by-step Python guide →

Source build nXre0KcQ0wFMsE4p4. Documentation is regenerated from the default published build; private drafts are not included.